kopia lustrzana https://github.com/micropython/micropython
154 wiersze
6.1 KiB
ReStructuredText
154 wiersze
6.1 KiB
ReStructuredText
.. _packages:
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Package management
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==================
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Installing packages with ``mip``
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--------------------------------
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Network-capable boards include the ``mip`` module, which can install packages
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from :term:`micropython-lib` and from third-party sites (including GitHub).
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``mip`` ("mip installs packages") is similar in concept to Python's ``pip`` tool,
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however it does not use the PyPI index, rather it uses :term:`micropython-lib`
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as its index by default. ``mip`` will automatically fetch compiled
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:term:`.mpy file` when downloading from micropython-lib.
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The most common way to use ``mip`` is from the REPL::
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>>> import mip
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>>> mip.install("pkgname") # Installs the latest version of "pkgname" (and dependencies)
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>>> mip.install("pkgname", version="x.y") # Installs version x.y of "pkgname"
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>>> mip.install("pkgname", mpy=False) # Installs the source version (i.e. .py rather than .mpy files)
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``mip`` will detect an appropriate location on the filesystem by searching
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``sys.path`` for the first entry ending in ``/lib``. You can override the
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destination using ``target``, but note that this path must be in ``sys.path`` to be
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able to subsequently import it.::
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>>> mip.install("pkgname", target="third-party")
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>>> sys.path.append("third-party")
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As well as downloading packages from the micropython-lib index, ``mip`` can also
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install third-party libraries. The simplest way is to download a file directly::
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>>> mip.install("http://example.com/x/y/foo.py")
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>>> mip.install("http://example.com/x/y/foo.mpy")
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When installing a file directly, the ``target`` argument is still supported to set
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the destination path, but ``mpy`` and ``version`` are ignored.
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The URL can also start with ``github:`` as a simple way of pointing to content
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hosted on GitHub::
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>>> mip.install("github:org/repo/path/foo.py") # Uses default branch
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>>> mip.install("github:org/repo/path/foo.py", version="branch-or-tag") # Optionally specify the branch or tag
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More sophisticated packages (i.e. with more than one file, or with dependencies)
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can be downloaded by specifying the path to their ``package.json``.
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>>> mip.install("http://example.com/x/package.json")
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>>> mip.install("github:org/user/path/package.json")
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If no json file is specified, then "package.json" is implicitly added::
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>>> mip.install("http://example.com/x/")
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>>> mip.install("github:org/repo")
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>>> mip.install("github:org/repo", version="branch-or-tag")
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Using ``mip`` on the Unix port
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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On the Unix port, ``mip`` can be used at the REPL as above, and also by using ``-m``::
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$ ./micropython -m mip install pkgname-or-url
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$ ./micropython -m mip install pkgname-or-url@version
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The ``--target=path``, ``--no-mpy``, and ``--index`` arguments can be set::
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$ ./micropython -m mip install --target=third-party pkgname
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$ ./micropython -m mip install --no-mpy pkgname
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$ ./micropython -m mip install --index https://host/pi pkgname
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Installing packages with ``mpremote``
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-------------------------------------
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The :term:`mpremote` tool also includes the same functionality as ``mip`` and
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can be used from a host PC to install packages to a locally connected device
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(e.g. via USB or UART)::
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$ mpremote mip install pkgname
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$ mpremote mip install pkgname@x.y
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$ mpremote mip install http://example.com/x/y/foo.py
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$ mpremote mip install github:org/repo
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$ mpremote mip install github:org/repo@branch-or-tag
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The ``--target=path``, ``--no-mpy``, and ``--index`` arguments can be set::
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$ mpremote mip install --target=/flash/third-party pkgname
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$ mpremote mip install --no-mpy pkgname
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$ mpremote mip install --index https://host/pi pkgname
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Installing packages manually
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----------------------------
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Packages can also be installed (in either .py or .mpy form) by manually copying
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the files to the device. Depending on the board this might be via USB Mass Storage,
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the :term:`mpremote` tool (e.g. ``mpremote fs cp path/to/package.py :package.py``),
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:term:`webrepl`, etc.
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Writing & publishing packages
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-----------------------------
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Publishing to :term:`micropython-lib` is the easiest way to make your package
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broadly accessible to MicroPython users, and automatically available via
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``mip`` and ``mpremote`` and compiled to bytecode. See
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https://github.com/micropython/micropython-lib for more information.
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To write a "self-hosted" package that can be downloaded by ``mip`` or
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``mpremote``, you need a static webserver (or GitHub) to host either a
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single .py file, or a package.json file alongside your .py files.
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A typical package.json for an example ``mlx90640`` library looks like::
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{
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"urls": [
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["mlx90640/__init__.py", "github:org/micropython-mlx90640/mlx90640/__init__.py"],
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["mlx90640/utils.py", "github:org/micropython-mlx90640/mlx90640/utils.py"]
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],
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"deps": [
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["collections-defaultdict", "latest"],
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["os-path", "latest"]
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],
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"version": "0.2"
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}
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This includes two files, hosted at a GitHub repo named
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``org/micropython-mlx90640``, which install into the ``mlx90640`` directory on
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the device. It depends on ``collections-defaultdict`` and ``os-path`` which will
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be installed automatically.
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Freezing packages
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-----------------
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When a Python module or package is imported from the device filesystem, it is
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compiled into :term:`bytecode` in RAM, ready to be executed by the VM. For
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a :term:`.mpy file`, this conversion has been done already, but the bytecode
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still ends up in RAM.
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For low-memory devices, or for large applications, it can be advantageous to
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instead run the bytecode from ROM (i.e. flash memory). This can be done
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by "freezing" the bytecode into the MicroPython firmware, which is then flashed
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to the device. The runtime performance is the same (although importing is
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faster), but it can free up significant amounts of RAM for your program to
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use.
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The downside of this approach is that it's much slower to develop, because you
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have to flash the firmware each time, but it can be still useful to freeze
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dependencies that don't change often.
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Freezing is done by writing a manifest file and using it in the build, often as
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part of a custom board definition. See the :ref:`manifest` guide for more
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information.
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