### STM32 via ST-Link

Nucleo and Discovery boards typically include a built-in ST-Link programmer.

A `.bin` or `.hex` file can be flashed using [st-flash](https://github.com/stlink-org/stlink).

```bash
# Optional erase to clear existing filesystem.
st-flash erase

# Flash .bin
st-flash write firmware.bin 0x08000000
# or, flash .hex
st-flash --format ihex write firmware.hex
```

A `.hex` file can be flashed using [STM32 Cube Programmer](https://www.st.com/en/development-tools/stm32cubeprog.html).

```bash
STM32_Programmer.sh -c port=SWD mode=UR dLPM -d firmware.hex -v -hardRst
```

### STM32 via DFU

Boards with USB support can also be programmed via the ST DFU bootloader, using e.g. [dfu-util](http://dfu-util.sourceforge.net/) or [pydfu.py](https://github.com/micropython/micropython/blob/master/tools/pydfu.py).

To enter the bootloader the `BOOT0` pin can be connected to `VCC` during reset, or you can use `machine.bootloader()` from the MicroPython REPL.

```bash
dfu-util --alt 0 -D firmware.dfu
```