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@ -9,15 +9,184 @@ by **Ankit Mahato**
This book can be consumed in 3 ways:
## A nice web interface
[Link]()
- A nice web interface - [Link](https://animator.github.io/learn-python/)
- A Downloadable PDF - [Link]()
- Directly on GitHub - [Link](https://github.com/animator/learn-python)
## A Downloadable PDF
[Link]()
## Directly on GitHub
[Link]()
Table of Contents
=================
* [Introduction](#introduction)
* [Introduction to Programming Languages](#introduction-to-programming-languages)
* [Introduction to Python](#introduction-to-python)
* [Advantages of Python](#advantages-of-python)
* [Installing Python in Windows](#installing-python-in-windows)
* [Installing Python in macOS (Apple)](#installing-python-in-macos-apple)
* [Execution Modes](#execution-modes)
* [Interactive Mode of Execution](#interactive-mode-of-execution)
* [Script Mode of Execution](#script-mode-of-execution)
* [Python Fundamentals](#python-fundamentals)
* [Tokens: Introduction](#tokens-introduction)
* [Tokens: Keywords](#tokens-keywords)
* [Tokens: Identifiers](#tokens-identifiers)
* [Tokens: Literals](#tokens-literals)
* [Tokens: Operators](#tokens-operators)
* [Tokens: Delimiters](#tokens-delimiters)
* [Character Set](#character-set)
* [Blocks and Indentation](#blocks-and-indentation)
* [Comments](#comments)
* [Variables, Objects & Data Types](#variables-objects--data-types)
* [What are Objects & Variables?](#what-are-objects--variables)
* [Variables & Assignment Statements](#variables--assignment-statements)
* [Built-in Data Types](#built-in-data-types)
* [Type Checking](#type-checking)
* [Type Casting](#type-casting)
* [Implicit Type Casting](#implicit-type-casting)
* [Explicit Type Casting](#explicit-type-casting)
* [Mutable & Immutable Data Types](#mutable--immutable-data-types)
* [Immutable Data Types](#immutable-data-types)
* [Mutable Data Types](#mutable-data-types)
* [Input / Output](#input--output)
* [How to Accept User Input](#how-to-accept-user-input)
* [Displaying Output](#displaying-output)
* [Operators & Expressions](#operators--expressions)
* [Introduction to Operators](#introduction-to-operators)
* [Arithmetic Operators](#arithmetic-operators)
* [Relational Operators](#relational-operators)
* [Assignment Operators](#assignment-operators)
* [Logical Operators](#logical-operators)
* [Identity Operators](#identity-operators)
* [Membership Operators](#membership-operators)
* [Expressions](#expressions)
* [Operator Precedence with Examples](#operator-precedence-with-examples)
* [Errors & Exception Handling](#errors--exception-handling)
* [Error Types](#error-types)
* [Syntax Error](#syntax-error)
* [Runtime Error](#runtime-error)
* [Logical Error](#logical-error)
* [Exceptions](#exceptions)
* [Exception Handling](#exception-handling)
* [Control Flow](#control-flow)
* [Introduction to Control Flow](#introduction-to-control-flow)
* [Sequential Flow](#sequential-flow)
* [Selection Statements: if .. else](#selection-statements-if--else)
* [Iteration: for](#iteration-for)
* [Iteration: while](#iteration-while)
* [Jump Statements](#jump-statements)
* [pass](#pass)
* [break](#break)
* [continue](#continue)
* [Nested Loops](#nested-loops)
* [Strings](#strings)
* [Strings: Introduction & Creation](#strings-introduction--creation)
* [Accessing Characters of a String](#accessing-characters-of-a-string)
* [String Operations](#string-operations)
* [Introduction to String Methods](#introduction-to-string-methods)
* [Convert Case of Strings](#convert-case-of-strings)
* [Check Characters of a String](#check-characters-of-a-string)
* [Split a String](#split-a-string)
* [Strip Characters from a String](#strip-characters-from-a-string)
* [Check Prefix or Suffix in a String](#check-prefix-or-suffix-in-a-string)
* [Find & Replace Characters in a String](#find--replace-characters-in-a-string)
* [Traversing a String](#traversing-a-string)
* [List](#list)
* [What is a Python List? How to Create a List?](#what-is-a-python-list-how-to-create-a-list)
* [Accessing Items of a List](#accessing-items-of-a-list)
* [Negative Indexing](#negative-indexing)
* [Modifying a List](#modifying-a-list)
* [Removing Item from a List](#removing-item-from-a-list)
* [List Operations](#list-operations)
* [Traversing a List](#traversing-a-list)
* [Built-in Functions that can be used for a List](#built-in-functions-that-can-be-used-for-a-list)
* [Introduction to List Methods](#introduction-to-list-methods)
* [Adding Items to a List](#adding-items-to-a-list)
* [Removing Items from a List](#removing-items-from-a-list)
* [Counting or Locating Items in a List](#counting-or-locating-items-in-a-list)
* [Reversing Items](#reversing-items)
* [Sorting a List](#sorting-a-list)
* [Copying a List](#copying-a-list)
* [Nested List](#nested-list)
* [List Comprehension](#list-comprehension)
* [Member-wise Operation](#member-wise-operation)
* [Filtering or Subsequence](#filtering-or-subsequence)
* [Sample Programs](#sample-programs)
* [Tuple](#tuple)
* [List vs Tuple](#list-vs-tuple)
* [How to Create Tuple?](#how-to-create-tuple)
* [What is a Singleton?](#what-is-a-singleton)
* [Accessing Items of a Tuple](#accessing-items-of-a-tuple)
* [Tuples are Immutable](#tuples-are-immutable)
* [Tuple Operations](#tuple-operations)
* [Traversing a Tuple](#traversing-a-tuple)
* [Built-in Functions that can be used for a Tuple](#built-in-functions-that-can-be-used-for-a-tuple)
* [Locating Items in a Tuple](#locating-items-in-a-tuple)
* [Counting the Occurrence of an Item](#counting-the-occurrence-of-an-item)
* [New Tuple with Reversed Items](#new-tuple-with-reversed-items)
* [New Tuple with Sorted Items](#new-tuple-with-sorted-items)
* [Nested Tuple](#nested-tuple)
* [Understanding the Immutable Nature of Tuples](#understanding-the-immutable-nature-of-tuples)
* [Dictionary](#dictionary)
* [What is a Dictionary?](#what-is-a-dictionary)
* [How to Create a Dictionary](#how-to-create-a-dictionary)
* [Key: Value Pairs](#key-value-pairs)
* [Sequence of (key, value) Tuples](#sequence-of-key-value-tuples)
* [Keyword/Named Arguments](#keywordnamed-arguments)
* [Key and Value Lists](#key-and-value-lists)
* [Keys with Default Value](#keys-with-default-value)
* [Accessing Items (Key:Value) of a Dictionary](#accessing-items-keyvalue-of-a-dictionary)
* [Updating a Dictionary](#updating-a-dictionary)
* [Removing an Item (Key:Value) from a Dictionary](#removing-an-item-keyvalue-from-a-dictionary)
* [Dictionary Operations](#dictionary-operations)
* [Traversing a Dictionary](#traversing-a-dictionary)
* [Built-in Functions for a Dictionary](#built-in-functions-for-a-dictionary)
* [Creating a Copy of a Dictionary](#creating-a-copy-of-a-dictionary)
* [Nested Dictionary](#nested-dictionary)
* [Sample Programs](#sample-programs-1)
* [Python Standard Library](#python-standard-library)
* [Built-in Functions](#built-in-functions)
* [Mathematical Functions](#mathematical-functions)
* [Type Functions](#type-functions)
* [Type Checking](#type-checking-1)
* [Built-in Type Functions](#built-in-type-functions)
* [I/O Functions](#io-functions)
* [Base/Unicode Conversion Functions](#baseunicode-conversion-functions)
* [What are Built-in Modules?](#what-are-built-in-modules)
* [math Module](#math-module)
* [Constants](#constants)
* [Functions](#functions)
* [random Module](#random-module)
* [statistics Module](#statistics-module)
* [File Handling](#file-handling)
* [File Handling in Python - Introduction & Overview](#file-handling-in-python---introduction--overview)
* [Text Files vs Binary Files - Use Case, File Formats, Examples](#text-files-vs-binary-files---use-case-file-formats-examples)
* [File Opening & Closing](#file-opening--closing)
* [File Reading](#file-reading)
* [Sequential Reading](#sequential-reading)
* [Ad-hoc Reading](#ad-hoc-reading)
* [Writing a File](#writing-a-file)
* [Reading & Writing Binary Files using pickle Module](#reading--writing-binary-files-using-pickle-module)
* [Dumping Data](#dumping-data)
* [Loading Data](#loading-data)
* [Example: Traversing a Binary File](#example-traversing-a-binary-file)
* [Reading & Writing a CSV File using csv Module](#reading--writing-a-csv-file-using-csv-module)
* [Reading CSV File](#reading-csv-file)
* [Writing CSV File](#writing-csv-file)
* [User Defined Functions, Modules & Packages](#user-defined-functions-modules--packages)
* [User Defined Functions](#user-defined-functions)
* [Function Structure](#function-structure)
* [Function Header](#function-header)
* [Function Body](#function-body)
* [Parameters and Arguments](#parameters-and-arguments)
* [Scope of Variables](#scope-of-variables)
* [Local Variables](#local-variables)
* [Global Variables](#global-variables)
* [Passing Objects of Mutable Type to a Function](#passing-objects-of-mutable-type-to-a-function)
* [Passing a List](#passing-a-list)
* [Passing a Dictionary](#passing-a-dictionary)
* [What is a Module? How to Create a Module?](#what-is-a-module-how-to-create-a-module)
* [Executable Scripts / Modules](#executable-scripts--modules)
* [What is a Package? Introduction to PyPi. How to Create a Python Package?](#what-is-a-package-introduction-to-pypi-how-to-create-a-python-package)
# Introduction
@ -584,7 +753,7 @@ sum_6 = (1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 6)
Tokens in Python which are used for punctuation, decoration and annotation are:
``` python
```
. , :
; @ ->
```
@ -593,7 +762,7 @@ Tokens in Python which are used for punctuation, decoration and annotation are:
The assignment or binding delimiters are used for binding objects to names via assignment statements. The complete list of tokens are provided below:
``` python
```
= += -= *=
/= //= %= **=
@= &= |= ^=